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<title>Rotational mouse</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rotational mouse</span></span>

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<p>A <b>rotational mouse</b> is a type of <a href="Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">computer mouse</a> which attempts to expand traditional mouse functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective of rotational mice is to facilitate three degrees of freedom (<a href="3DOF" class="mw-redirect" title="3DOF">3DOF</a>) for <a href="Human-computer_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-computer interaction">human-computer interaction</a> by adding a third dimensional input, yaw (or Rz), to the existing <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> dimensional inputs. There have been several attempts to develop rotating mice, using a variety of mechanisms to detect rotation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms_to_detect_rotation">Mechanisms to detect rotation</h2></div>

<p>Mechanisms using relative measures of rotation: These devices are able to detect that the mouse has rotated by so many degrees, but cannot accurately identify where the rotation started or ended, increasing their tendency to lose orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2-balls_and_4-sensor_sets">2-balls and 4-sensor sets</h3></div>

<p>1985 4 saw the first mention of a rotational mouse by Nomura, H. and Saitoh, A., entitled "mouse" at the <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 27, no. 6, Novembre 1984. pp. 3423-3424.

</p><p>Other 2-ball / 4-sensor mouse concepts, patents:

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<ul><li>"Cursor display apparatus" saw a mention of actually rotating objects on screen by rotating the input device, (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Guaiá - A three degree of freedom mouse (in Portuguese - Guaiá)</li>

<li>Orientational mouse computer input system, (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-patent5162781_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent5162781-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Multi-dimensional input device, (1994).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Positioning device reporting X, Y and yaw motion, (1995).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Twin mouse digitizer, (2000).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Pointing device having rotational sensing mechanisms, (2003).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Multiple sensor device and method, (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Multiple sensor device and method, (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Unlike the conventional mouse which senses z-axis and y-axis displacement only, these 2-ball or 2-sensor mice are also able to sense z-axis angular motion, calculated by the two sets of x-y displacement data <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sigchi.org/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/sm2.htm">[1]</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_ring_&_rotary_encoder">Mechanical ring & rotary encoder</h3></div>

<p>Within these devices rotation is detected by a mechanical ring.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mechanism was promoted by the Canadian company Handview Inc; however it apparently never made it to production.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gyroscopes_or_accelerometers">Gyroscopes or accelerometers</h3></div>

<p>A patent titled "Input device" was the first known application of gyros to a rotating mouse.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms_using_absolute_measures_of_rotation">Mechanisms using absolute measures of rotation</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tablet/Digitiser_Puck">Tablet/Digitiser Puck</h3></div>

<p>The patent for an "Absolute position controller" is the earliest known reference to this type of input device.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was the patent for an orientational mouse computer input system,<sup id="cite_ref-patent5162781_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent5162781-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which suggested using a tablet with a detectable pattern or grid and sensors in the puck for computer navigation.

</p><p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wacom.com/index.html">Wacom</a> Intuos 4D Mouse puck was the first commercial rotating “mouse.” The product was not a standalone mouse but rather a tablet accessory.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compass">Compass</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Orbita_mouse" title="Orbita mouse">Orbita mouse</a> is the first commercially released non-tablet rotating mouse. Licensed and commercialized by Australian company <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberesport.com">Cyber Sport</a>, the Orbita is equipped with a patented compass mechanism which solved the problems which plagued earlier rotating mechanisms. The inbuilt compass provides the mouse with ability to detect rotation based on the Earth's magnetic field so that it can accurately maintain orientation once the ‘up’ direction is specified. The round design makes it completely rotatable, spinning freely on ball bearings, and is usable at any angle due to the ‘push and squeeze’ button configuration encased in a silicone soft shell. The mouse reports rotation as scroll wheel commands so compatible with most applications.

</p><p>Due to the round shape the Orbita mouse is commonly confused as being similar to the original, circular <a href="Apple_mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple mouse">USB iMac mouse</a>. However, the two mice are functionally different, primarily because the iMac's mouse is not a rotating mouse. The Orbita, unlike the Puck mouse, is designed to be ergonomic, with the round shape lending practical aid to the mouse's spinning action, and is not a purely æsthetic trait.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_devices">Related devices</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/~ravin/papers/chi97_rockmouse.pdf">Rockin’ mouse</a>: A 3D mouse that rocks, rather than rotates.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/groups/adapt/videomouse.pdf">Videomouse</a>: A mouse that provides 6DOF</li>

<li>3D Controllers used as a complement for a mouse:</li></ul>

<dl><dd>1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3dconnexion.com/products/spacenavigator.html">3D Connexion Space Navigator</a> : A USB motion controller for navigating 3D applications.</dd>

<dd>2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spatialfreedom.com/pages/Astroid.htm">Spatial Freedom Astroid</a>: A rotating orb input device used to move 3D graphics objects.</dd></dl>

<ul><li>Trackballs. For example, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.kensington.com/html/2200.html">Kensington Expert Mouse</a>: A large track ball surrounded by a scroll ring.</li>

<li>Gyroscopic mice:</li></ul>

<dl><dd>1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logitech.com/index.cfm/mice_pointers/mice/devices/3443&cl=us,enZ">Logitech Air mouse</a>: A wireless mouse that can control a computer cursor by being moved through the air, equipped with media features.</dd>

<dd>2. <a href="Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> Remote: A motion sensing wand which is the primary controller for Nintendo's Wii console.</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBesplemennov" class="citation web cs1">Besplemennov, Anatoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edn.com/rotational-or-linear-measurement-using-an-optical-mouse-sensor/">"Rotational (or linear) measurement using an optical mouse sensor"</a>. <i>edn.com</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cylo.com.au/research/3_DOF_Mouse_report_final.pdf">http://www.cylo.com.au/research/3_DOF_Mouse_report_final.pdf</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepai.org/publication/optimal-sensor-position-for-a-computer-mouse">"Optimal Sensor Position for a Computer Mouse"</a>. <i>DeepAI</i>. 2020-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-patent5162781-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patent5162781_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patent5162781_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFCambridge1992"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5162781">US 5162781</a>, Cambridge, Vivien J., "Orientational mouse computer input system", published 1992-11-10, assigned to Automated Decisions Inc.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5162781&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Orientational+mouse+computer+input+system&rft.inventor=Cambridge&rft.assignee=Automated+Decisions+Inc.&rft.pubdate=1992-11-10"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFChang1994"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5298919">US 5298919</a>, Chang, Mingtai, "Multi-dimensional input device", published 1994-03-29, assigned to Multipoint Technology Corp.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5298919&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Multi-dimensional+input+device&rft.inventor=Chang&rft.assignee=Multipoint+Technology+Corp.&rft.pubdate=1994-03-29"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFParks1995"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5477237">US 5477237</a>, Parks, Terry J., "Positioning device reporting X, Y and yaw motion", published 1995-12-19, assigned to <a href="Dell_Technologies" title="Dell Technologies">Dell Technologies</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5477237&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Positioning+device+reporting+X%2C+Y+and+yaw+motion&rft.inventor=Parks&rft.assignee=%5B%5BDell+Technologies%5D%5D&rft.pubdate=1995-12-19"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFJakubowski2000"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6081258">US 6081258</a>, Jakubowski, Marek, "Twin mouse digitizer", published 2000-06-27</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=6081258&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Twin+mouse+digitizer&rft.inventor=Jakubowski&rft.pubdate=2000-06-27"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFBohn2003"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6618038">US 6618038</a>, Bohn, David D., "Pointing device having rotational sensing mechanisms", published 2003-09-09, assigned to <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=6618038&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Pointing+device+having+rotational+sensing+mechanisms&rft.inventor=Bohn&rft.assignee=%5B%5BHewlett-Packard%5D%5D&rft.pubdate=2003-09-09"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFSasselliEgloffPiotBernhard_Joss;Olivier_Theytaz;Pascal_Eichenberger2005"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6847353">US 6847353</a>, Sasselli, Nicolas; Egloff, Olivier & Piot, Julien et al., "Multiple sensor device and method", published 2005-01-25, assigned to <a href="Logitech" title="Logitech">Logitech</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=6847353&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Multiple+sensor+device+and+method&rft.inventor=Sasselli&rft.assignee=%5B%5BLogitech%5D%5D&rft.pubdate=2005-01-25"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFSasselliEgloffPiotBernhard_Joss;Olivier_Theytaz;Pascal_Eichenberger2008"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7317448">US 7317448</a>, Sasselli, Nicolas; Egloff, Olivier & Piot, Julien et al., "Multiple sensor device and method", published 2008-01-08, assigned to <a href="Logitech" title="Logitech">Logitech Europe SA</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=7317448&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Multiple+sensor+device+and+method&rft.inventor=Sasselli&rft.assignee=%5B%5BLogitech%7CLogitech+Europe+SA%5D%5D&rft.pubdate=2008-01-08"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFWang1999"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5936612">US 5936612</a>, Wang, Yanqing, "Computer input device and method for 3-D direct manipulation of graphic objects", published 1999-08-10</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=5936612&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Computer+input+device+and+method+for+3-D+direct+manipulation+of+graphic+objects&rft.inventor=Wang&rft.pubdate=1999-08-10"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFSuzuki2000"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6130664">US 6130664</a>, Suzuki, Katsutoshi, "Input device", published 2000-10-10, assigned to <a href="Alps_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Alps Electric">Alps Electric Co. Ltd.</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=6130664&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Input+device&rft.inventor=Suzuki&rft.assignee=%5B%5BAlps_Electric%7CAlps+Electric+Co.+Ltd.%5D%5D&rft.pubdate=2000-10-10"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFJoyce1989"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4814553">US 4814553</a>, Joyce, Stephen A., "Absolute position controller", published 1989-03-21, assigned to Advanced Robotic Technology Inc.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4814553&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Absolute+position+controller&rft.inventor=Joyce&rft.assignee=Advanced+Robotic+Technology+Inc.&rft.pubdate=1989-03-21"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<ul><li>MacKenzie, I. S., Soukoreff, R. W., & Pal, C. (1997). A two-ball mouse affords three degrees of freedom. <i>Extended Abstractsn of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – CHI '97</i>, pp. 303–304. New York: ACM. doi:10.1145/1120212.1120405 [PDF] [video]</li>

<li>Merkle, Luiz Ernesto (1991) <b>Guaiá</b> - Um Dispositivo Sensor de Três Graus de Liberdade para Posicionamento no Plano. Master of Science in Industrial Informatics. Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. (Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Paraná. Paraná Federal Center of Educational Technology. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Informática Industrial.</li>

<li>Merkle, Luiz Ernesto and Scheer, Sergio (1992) <b>Guaiá:</b> Um mouse com três graus de liberdade. Anais do SIBGRAPI V. p187-192. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sibgrapi.sid.inpe.br/col/sid.inpe.br/sibgrapi/2012/10.23.00.26/doc/22%20Guaia%20um%20mouse%20com%20tres%20graus%20de%20liberdade.pdf">http://sibgrapi.sid.inpe.br/col/sid.inpe.br/sibgrapi/2012/10.23.00.26/doc/22%20Guaia%20um%20mouse%20com%20tres%20graus%20de%20liberdade.pdf</a> Also available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/28212871/Guai%C3%A1_um_mouse_com_tr%C3%AAs_graus_de_liberdade">https://www.academia.edu/28212871/Guai%C3%A1_um_mouse_com_tr%C3%AAs_graus_de_liberdade</a></li>

<li>Nomura, H. and Saitoh, A., entitled "mouse" at the <i>IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin</i>, vol. 27, no. 6, November 1984. pp. 3423-3424.</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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